Health economic evaluation alongside randomised clinical trial of a health behaviour intervention to manage type 2 diabetes in Nepal

Table 3 Cost-effectiveness analysis throughout 6 months trial

Outcomes	Unadjusted		Adjusted
Outcomes	Intervention	Control	Intervention	Control
Total cost, Mean (SD)	US $63.03 (US $59.57)	US $34.23 (US $17.08)	US $63.03 (US $59.57)	US $34.23 (US $17.08)
QALY, Mean (SD)	0.4302 (0.1075)	0.4227 (0.1052)	0.4302 (0.1075)	0.4227 (0.1052)
Incremental cost, Mean (95% CI)	US $28.80 (US $20.98 to US $36.62)		US $28.55 (US $21.26 to US $35.84)^b
Incremental QALY gained Mean (95% CI)	0.0075 (-0.0116 to 0.0267)		0.0085 (-0.0106 to 0.0275)^c
ICER (cost per QALY gained), Mean (95% CI)	US $3,840.00 (US $-1,808.62 to US $4,005.23)		US $3,358.82 (US $-2005.66 to US $3,974.54)
Cost-effectiveness^a	Health behaviour intervention more costly & more effective
Net monetary benefit, Mean (95% CI)	US $2.25 (US $-27.04 to US $73.91)		US $6.64 (US $-22.62 to US $78.01)

CIs were obtained from 10,000 bootstrap resampling technique
QALY Quality adjusted life year, which was reported in four decimal points for higher precision in measurement, ICER Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio
^aDecision was made based on the threshold value of 3-times GPD per capita of Nepal which is US $ 4,140 (US $1380 × 3) based on international monetary fund database on July 2023; Net monetary benefit was calculated as ((Incremental benefit × Threshold) – Incremental cost); ^badjusted age and gender, ^cadjusted baseline utility value

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