Table 3 Baseline characteristics of children with double-burden malnutrition compared to non-malnourished children before and after propensity score matching
|  | Unmatched (N = 138,782) | Matched (N = 49,372) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Not Double Burden Malnourished | Double Burden Malnourished | P Value | %Bias | Not Double Burden Malnourished | Double Burden Malnourished | P Value | %Bias |
Total | 89.5 | 10.5 | Â | Â | 80.3 | 19.7 | Â | Â |
Child Age in Months Mean (SD) | 29.0 (17.1) | 23.1 (17.5) |  < 0.001 | -33.4 | 26.0 (16.9) | 24.7 (17.4) | 0.81 | -0.3 |
Child Sex | ||||||||
 Male | 50.1 | 54.9 |  |  | 52.8 | 53.1 |  |  |
 Female | 50.0 | 45.1 |  < 0.001 | -10.6 | 47.2 | 47.0 | 0.85 | 0.2 |
Place of Residence | ||||||||
 Urban | 33.3 | 32.8 |  |  | 35.3 | 37.1 |  |  |
 Rural | 67.0 | 67.2 | 0.43 | -0.7 | 64.7 | 62.9 | 0.04 | -2.4 |
Pregnancy Type | ||||||||
 Singleton Pregnancy | 97.1 | 96.8 |  |  | 97.3 | 96.3 |  |  |
 Multiple Pregnancy | 2.9 | 3.2 | 0.01 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 3.7 | 0.002 | 3.7 |
Currently Breastfeeding | ||||||||
 No | 64.5 | 49.9 |  |  | 58.2 | 55.6 |  |  |
 Yes | 35.5 | 50.1 |  < 0.001 | 28.1 | 41.8 | 44.4 | 0.33 | -1.2 |
Maternal Age (Y) | ||||||||
 15–24 years | 26.6 | 28.5 |  |  | 27.5 | 28.5 |  |  |
 25–34 years | 50.3 | 49.8 | 0.56 | 0.5 | 50.4 | 48.5 | 0.06 | -2.2 |
 35–49 years | 23.2 | 21.7 |  < 0.001 | -4.6 | 22.1 | 23.1 | 0.37 | 1.0 |
Maternal Education Level | ||||||||
 No Education | 33.4 | 33.9 |  |  | 32.4 | 31.2 |  |  |
 Primary | 31.7 | 29.0 |  < 0.001 | -7.1 | 29.1 | 29.7 | 0.22 | 1.4 |
 Secondary | 29.1 | 33.3 |  < 0.001 | 3.2 | 31.6 | 31.2 | 0.90 | 0.1 |
 Higher | 5.8 | 6.8 |  < 0.001 | 5.2 | 6.9 | 7.9 | 0.05 | 2.4 |
Maternal Marital Status | ||||||||
 Never Married | 4.8 | 4.9 |  |  | 4.4 | 5.5 |  |  |
 Married | 90.0 | 90.3 | 0.04 | 1.8 | 90.9 | 88.5 |  < 0.001 | -4.6 |
 Divorced/Widowed/Separated | 5.3 | 4.9 | 0.01 | -2.3 | 4.7 | 6.1 | 0.003 | 3.3 |
Maternal Employment Status | ||||||||
 Not Employed | 40.5 | 48.2 |  |  | 45.9 | 46.6 |  |  |
 Employed | 59.5 | 51.8 |  < 0.001 | -17.7 | 54.1 | 53.4 | 0.68 | -0.5 |
Wealth Index | ||||||||
 Poorest | 22.1 | 23.8 |  |  | 21.0 | 19.7 |  |  |
 Poorer | 21.2 | 21.7 | 0.90 | -0.1 | 20.6 | 20.7 | 0.43 | 0.9 |
 Middle | 20.4 | 19.3 |  < 0.01 | -2.6 | 20.7 | 20.6 | 0.98 | 0.0 |
 Richer | 19.5 | 18.8 | 0.14 | -1.3 | 20.0 | 20.9 | 0.08 | 2.0 |
 Richest | 16.8 | 16.4 | 0.79 | -0.2 | 17.7 | 18.2 | 0.68 | 0.5 |
Maternal Health Behaviour | ||||||||
 First Quantile (Least) | 36.0 | 35.7 |  |  | 34.0 | 31.8 |  |  |
 Second Quantile | 33.4 | 33.7 | 0.16 | 1.2 | 33.4 | 33.1 | 0.95 | 0.1 |
 Third Quantile | 17.9 | 20.0 |  < 0.001 | 4.8 | 20.5 | 22.1 | 0.23 | 1.4 |
 Fourth Quantile | 4.7 | 4.9 | 0.22 | -1.1 | 5.0 | 6.0 | 0.12 | 1.8 |
 Fifth Quantile (Highest) | 8.1 | 5.8 |  < 0.001 | -8.2 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 0.52 | 0.7 |