The costs, health and economic impact of air pollution control strategies: a systematic review

Table 1 Summary characteristics of included studies

Country setting	Total	Positive cost–benefit	Partial positive cost–benefit***	Negative cost–benefit
HICs	47	34	7	6
LMICs	48	29	13	6
Mixed regions	9	9	0	0
Year of publication
From inception to 2012	30	26	3	1
2013–2022	74	46	18	10
Typology of air control strategies
Outdoor interventions	75	54	13	8
Indoor interventions	21	15	4	2
Mixed interventions	8	3	4	1
Pollution control method
Source reduction	42	26	10	6
End-of-pipe treatment	15	11	4	0
Mixed methods	17	9	6	2
Not specified	30	26	1	3
Pollutant strategies
Single pollutant strategy	51	39	8	4
Multi-pollutant strategy	48	32	11	5
Not specified	5	4	1	0
Pollutants targeted*
PM (PM2.5, PM10 and other forms)	84	61	16	7
O₃	19	16	2	1
NO_X	34	19	9	6
SO_X	32	17	12	3
Health related endpoints*
Premature deaths	53	40	8	5
Restricted activity days	18	14	2	2
Cardiovascular disease	43	31	6	6
Asthma	14	10	1	3
COPD	22	16	3	3
Lung cancer	21	13	4	4
Other respiratory diseases**	44	34	7	3
Other health endpoints and not specified	13	9	2	2

^*Studies can concurrently assess multiple pollutants and health endpoints
^**Excluding Lung cancer, asthma, and COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
^***We classified studies as having reported partially positive cost–benefit results if they analyzed multiple interventions and presented a mix of positive and negative cost–benefit outcomes among these interventions

ISSN: 2397-0642