Table 2 Summary of air pollution control strategies by intervention type and pollution control methodology

Outdoor interventions

Forestry and agricultural measures [24, 25, 31,32,33]: manure application technology, low emissions animal housing, intercropping, smarter livestock feeding strategies, fertilizer substitution

Vehicle emission reduction technology [27, 34,35,36,37]: Retrofitting diesel vehicle filters/diesel oxidation catalysts

Point emission reduction [38,39,40,41]: carbon filtration for ozone removal, electrostatic precipitators on stationary sources, retrofitting power plants with dieselization (scrubbers)/denitrification technology, selective catalytic reduction and dust removal technology

Road, off-road and sea transport [23, 42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53]: Low emission zones, road pricing, alternative fuels (vehicle and shipping), Inspection & Maintenance programs, vehicle retirement programs, Electric vehicle subsidy/mandate

Global Climate Change policies [54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63]: Paris 2 °C agreement

Emission and energy standards/caps [21, 26, 64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83]: Cap on coal consumption, emission ceilings, cap-and-trade policy, polluter pays principle, coal-fired power plant closures

Cleaner/Alternative energy source [22, 84,85,86,87,88]: Renewable energy, power plant efficiency abatements

Indoor interventions

Household clean heating [89,90,91,92,93]

Indoor air quality control technology [30, 94,95,96,97,98]: air cleaners, indoor air particle filters, air ventilators

Household cooking strategies [28, 29, 99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106]: Liquefied petroleum gas, natural gas, biogas, electric stoves, improved cooking stoves

Mixed interventions

Multicategory control strategies: Cap on Coal Consumption, transport regulations, cleaner energy, improved stoves, clean heating [107,108,109,110,111,112,113]