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Table 4 Factors associated with catastrophic costs incurred by the PwTB during TB care, India, 2022–2023 (N = 1394a)

From: Cost of TB care and equity in distribution of catastrophic TB care costs across income quintiles in India

Characteristics

n

Number incurring catastrophic costs n(%)

Unadjusted PR (95% CI)

Adjusted PR (95% CI)

p value

Age (in years)*

 ≥ 18 to ≤ 59

1131

532 (47.0)

1.21 (0.99, 1.49)

1.23 (0.99, 1.54)

0.065

 ≥ 60

263

102 (38.8)

1

1

 

Gender*

 Male

859

425 (49.5)

1.27 (1.10, 1.46)

1.13 (0.92, 1.37)

0.245

 Female

535

209 (39.1)

1

1

 

Education*

 Illiterate

516

265 (51.4)

1.38 (1.11, 1.70)

1.01 (0.76, 1.35)

0.929

 Any formal schooling

704

304 (43.2)

1.16 (0.92, 1.45)

0.89 (0.67, 1.17)

0.394

 Any College education

174

65 (37.4)

1

1

 

Occupationb*

 Employed

783

395 (50.4)

1

1

 

 Economically inactive

611

239 (39.1)

0.78 (0.65, 0.92)

0.84 (0.69, 1.02)

0.073

Monthly household income before TB (quintiles) *

 1st (poorest)

259

171 (66.0)

3.05 (2.32,4.01)

3.21 (2.36, 4.36)

 < 0.001

 2nd

336

184 (54.8)

2.53 (1.97, 3.25)

2.56 (1.89, 3.45)

 < 0.001

 3rd

254

124 (48.8)

2.26 (1.79, 2.85)

2.27 (1.66, 3.12)

 < 0.001

 4th

277

97 (35.0)

1.62 (1.25, 2.10)

1.64 (1.18, 2.28)

0.003

 5th (richest)

268

58 (21.6)

1

1

 

Health/medical insurance scheme*

 Yes

512

212 (41.4)

0.87 (0.70, 1.07)

0.85 (0.72, 1.00)

0.050

 No

882

422 (47.8)

1

1

 

Recipients of NPY

 Yes

1247

573 (46.0)

1.11 (0.87, 1.41)

–

–

 No

147

61 (41.5)

1

–

–

Notifying sector*

 Public

1259

551 (43.8)

1

1

 

 Private

135

83 (61.5)

1.41 (0.99, 1.99)

1.39 (1.10, 1.76)

0.005

Site of disease

 Extra Pulmonary

312

140 (44.9)

0.98 (0.82, 1.18)

–

–

 Pulmonary

1076

491 (45.6)

1

–

–

 Missing

6

3 (50.0)

–

–

–

Drug type

 DSTB

1359

619 (45.6)

1.03 (0.67, 1.58)

–

–

 DRTB

34

15 (44.1)

1

–

–

 Missing

1

–

–

–

–

HIV

 Reactive

15

8 (53.3)

1.18 (0.71, 1.95)

–

–

 Non-Reactive

1354

614 (45.4)

1

–

–

 Unknown/Missing

25

12 (48.0)

1.06 (0.75, 1.50)

–

–

Diabetes

 Diabetic

129

64 (49.6)

1.11 (0.92, 1.33)

–

–

 Non-Diabetic

1210

541 (44.7)

1

–

–

 Unknown/Missing

55

29 (52.7)

1.18 (0.87, 1.59)

–

–

Hospitalization*

 Yes

256

178 (69.5)

1.74 (1.49, 2.02)

1.87 (1.57, 2.22)

 < 0.001

 No

1138

456 (40.1)

1

1

 

Treatment outcome

 Favourable

1298

590 (45.5)

1

–

–

 Unfavourable

96

44 (45.8)

1.01 (0.81, 1.26)

–

–

  1. For adjusted PR, p value of 0.2 is considered for statistical significance;*factors whose association with catastrophic Tb costs has p < 0.2, 1—reference category
  2. DSTB drug sensitive tuberculosis; DRTB drug resistant tuberculosis; HIV human immunodeficiency virus
  3. aHousehold income was not available for 4 PwTB and 9 had not incurred any cost during pre-diagnosis and treatment
  4. bEmployed (Regular employee government/Regular employee private/Temporary employee (government and private)/Skilled worker/Daily wage earner/Business/farm/shop); Economically inactive (Unemployed/Homemaker/Retired/Pensioner/Student)
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Global Health Research and Policy

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