Table 2 Bivariate Chi-square Association between Women Delivery Choice and their Characteristics in Urban and Rural Sub-Saharan Africa.
Urban | Rural | Overall | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal Characteristics | Institutional N = 54,612 [82.4%) n (row %) | Non-Institutional N = 11,664 [17.6%] n (row %) | Institutional N = 92,079 [59.6%] n (row %) | Non-Institutional N = 62,511 [40.4%] n (row %) | Institutional N = 146,691 [66.4%] n (row %) | Non-Institutional N = 74,175 [33.6%] n (row %) |
Individual Variables | ||||||
Age | 68.198 (< 0.001b) | 124.411(< 0.001b) | 131.540 (< 0.001b) | |||
15–24 years | 12,126 (80.8) | 2891 (19.2) | 26,116 (61.1) | 16,600 (38.9) | 38,242 (66.2) | 19,491 (33.8) |
25–34 years | 29,697 (83.5) | 5859 (16.5) | 43,800 (59.7) | 29,569 (40.3) | 73,497 (67.5) | 35,428 (32.5) |
35–49 years | 12,789 (81.4) | 2914 (18.6) | 22,163 (57.6) | 16,341 (42.4) | 34,952 (64.5) | 19,256 (35.5) |
Highest Educational Level | 3.5e + 03 (< 0.001b) | 1.0e + 04 (< 0.001b) | 1.9e + 04 (< 0.001b) | |||
No education | 11,280 (69.9) | 4860 (30.1) | 34,677 (47.3) | 38,643 (52.7) | 45,956 (51.4) | 43,503 (48.6) |
Primary | 13,914 (80.1) | 3464 (19.9) | 38,113 (67.4) | 18,439 (32.6) | 52,027 (70.4) | 21,903 (29.6) |
Secondary | 23,344 (88.5) | 3048 (11.5) | 17,597 (76.9) | 5279 (23.1) | 40,940 (83.1) | 8328 (16.9) |
Higher | 6074 (95.4) | 291 (4.6) | 1692 (91.9) | 150 (8.1) | 7766 (94.6) | 441 (5.4) |
Partner’s Highest Education | 2.1e + 03 (< 0.001b) | 7.3e + 03 (< 0.001b) | 1.4e + 04 (< 0.001b) | |||
No education | 9885 (71.9) | 3863 (28.1) | 31,318 (47.8) | 34,192 (52.2) | 41,203 (52.0) | 38,055 (48.0) |
Primary | 10,998 (80.2) | 2712 (19.8) | 34,850 (65.6) | 18,316 (34.5) | 45,848 (68.6) | 21,028 (31.4) |
Secondary | 24,000 (85.4) | 4091 (14.6) | 22,104 (71.3) | 8878 (28.7) | 46,104 (78.1) | 12,969 (21.9) |
Higher | 9729 (90.7) | 998 (9.3) | 3807 (77.2) | 1125 (22.8) | 13,536 (86.4) | 2123 (13.6) |
Occupation | 17.857 (< 0.001b) | 570.951(< 0.001b) | 265.398 (< 0.001b) | |||
Not Currently employed | 19,883 (82.5) | 4220 (17.5) | 25,369 (55.1) | 20,663 (44.9) | 45,252 (64.5) | 24,883 (35.5) |
Currently employed | 34,729 (82.4) | 7444 (17.6) | 66,710 (61.5) | 41,848 (38.6) | 101,439 (67.3) | 49,292 (32.7) |
Marital Status | 73.558 (< 0.001b) | 87.489 (< 0.001b) | 64.229 (< 0.001b) | |||
Ever Married | 44,460 (83.1) | 9069 (16.9) | 77,148 (58.9) | 53,871 (41.1) | 121,607 (65.9) | 62,939 (34.1) |
Never Married | 10,152 (79.6) | 2595 (20.4) | 14,931 (63.3) | 8640 (36.7) | 25,083 (69.1) | 11,235 (30.9) |
Wealth Status | 5.5e + 03 (< 0.001b) | 8.3e + 03 (< 0.001b) | 2.2e + 04 (< 0.001b) | |||
Poor | 4508 (59.7) | 3047 (40.3) | 46,326 (50.6) | 45,246 (49.4) | 50,834 (51.3) | 48,293 (48.7) |
Average | 6841 (69.3) | 3037 (30.8) | 23,077 (66.6) | 11,580 (33.4) | 29,918 (67.2) | 14,617 (32.8) |
Rich | 43,262 (88.6) | 5580 (11.4) | 22,676 (80.0) | 5685 (20.0) | 65,938 (85.4) | 11,265 (14.6) |
Media exposure | 1.9e + 03 (< 0.001b) | 2.6e + 03 (< 0.001b) | 8.9e + 03 (< 0.001b) | |||
Not exposed to media | 23,214 (75.6) | 7507 (24.4) | 72,373 (56.6) | 55,523 (43.4) | 95,587 (60.3) | 63,030 (39.7) |
Exposed to media | 31,398 (88.3) | 4157 (11.7) | 19,706 (73.8) | 6988 (26.2) | 51,104 (82.1) | 11,145 (17.9) |
Sex of household head | 57.934 (< 0.001b) | 354.080 (< 0.001b) | 553.409 (< 0.001b) | |||
Male | 46,218 (81.8) | 10,295 (18.2) | 79,178 (58.6) | 56,007 (41.4) | 125,396 (65.4) | 66,302 (34.6) |
Female | 8394 (86.0) | 1369 (14.0) | 12,901 (66.5) | 6504 (33.5) | 21,295 (73.0) | 7873 (27.0) |
Covered by health insurance | 823.902 (< 0.001b) | 2.9e + 03 (< 0.001b) | 4.3e + 03 (< 0.001b) | |||
No | 47,850 (80.9) | 11,273 (19.1) | 82,240 (57.5) | 60,785 (42.5) | 130,090 (64.4) | 72,058 (35.7) |
Yes | 6762 (94.5) | 391 (5.5) | 9839 (85.1) | 1726 (14.9) | 16,601 (88.7) | 2117 (11.3) |
Birth Order | 1.4e + 03 (< 0.001b) | 2.7e + 03 (< 0.001b) | 5.3e + 03 (< 0.001b) | |||
One | 13,357 (88.8) | 1688 (11.2) | 19,691 (70.4) | 8291 (29.6) | 33,048 (76.8) | 9979 (23.2) |
Two | 13,146 (86.0) | 2133 (14.0) | 17,558 (63.1) | 10,263 (36.9) | 30,704 (71.2) | 12,397 (28.8) |
Three | 10,144 (83.4) | 2024 (16.6) | 15,022 (61.3) | 9503 (38.8) | 25,166 (68.6) | 11,527 (31.4) |
Four | 6978 (81.5) | 1586 (18.5) | 12,197 (58.3) | 8712 (41.7) | 19,175 (65.1) | 10,298 (34.9) |
Five and above | 10,987 (72.2) | 4232 (27.8) | 27,611 (51.8) | 25,741 (48.3) | 38,598 (56.3) | 29,974 (43.7) |
Wanted Last Child | 35.631(< 0.001b) | 1.5e + 03 (< 0.001b) | 1.3e + 03 (< 0.001b) | |||
Wanted then | 42,484 (82.1) | 9272 (17.9) | 69,654 (57.1) | 52,316 (42.9) | 112,138 (64.6) | 61,588 (35.5) |
Wanted later | 9477 (84.1) | 1787 (15.9) | 16,839 (69.1) | 7529 (30.9) | 26,316 (73.9) | 9315 (26.1) |
Wanted no more | 2650 (81.4) | 605 (18.6) | 5586 (67.7) | 2666 (32.3) | 8237 (71.6) | 3271 (28.4) |
Healthcare Decision maker | 706.237 (< 0.001b) | 2.7e + 03 (< 0.001b) | 3.9e + 03 (< 0.001b) | |||
Respondent alone | 10,413 (84.6) | 1892 (15.4) | 15,413 (65.2) | 8243 (34.9) | 25,825 (71.8) | 10,135 (28.2) |
Respondent and Husband | 24,016 (86.1) | 3885 (13.9) | 38,664 (66.4) | 19,581 (33.6) | 62,680 (72.8) | 23,466 (27.2) |
Husband/partner alone | 19,981 (77.4) | 5843 (22.6) | 37,444 (52.2) | 34,338 (47.8) | 57,425 (58.8) | 40,181 (41.2) |
Someone else/Others | 201 (81.9) | 45 (18.1) | 559 (61.6) | 348 (38.4) | 760 (65.9) | 393 (34.1) |
Sex of child | 17.567 (< 0.001b) | 24.309 (< 0.001b) | 40.665 (< 0.001b) | |||
Male | 28,058 (83.2) | 5679 (16.8) | 47,161 (60.1) | 31,368 (39.9) | 75,220 (67.0) | 37,047 (33.0) |
Female | 26,553 (81.6) | 5985 (18.4) | 44,918 (59.1) | 31,143 (40.9) | 71,471 (65.8) | 37,127 (34.2) |
Antenatal Care Attendance | 2.1e + 03 (< 0.001b) | 9.8e + 03 (< 0.001b) | 1.4e + 04 (< 0.001b) | |||
None | 16,618 (74.0) | 5833 (26.0) | 29,620 (45.6) | 35,412 (54.5) | 46,237 (52.9) | 41,245 (47.2) |
1–3 visits | 17,494 (84.3) | 3251 (15.7) | 42,007 (67.6) | 20,120 (32.4) | 59,501 (71.8) | 23,372 (28.2) |
4–7 visits | 14,463 (88.1) | 1956 (11.9) | 16,886 (73.5) | 6094 (26.5) | 31,349 (79.6) | 8049 (20.4) |
8 and above | 6037 (90.6) | 624 (9.4) | 3566 (80.1) | 885 (19.9) | 9604 (86.4) | 1509 (14.6) |
Skilled birth attendant on delivery | 1.6e + 04 (< 0.001b) | 6.2e + 04 (< 0.001b) | 8.3e + 04 (< 0.001b) | |||
No | 13,030 (56.1) | 10,189 (43.9) | 33,506 (35.6) | 60,499 (64.4) | 46,536 (39.7) | 70,688 (60.3) |
Yes | 41,582 (96.6) | 1475 (3.4) | 58,573 (96.7) | 2011 (3.3) | 100,155 (96.6) | 3487 (3.4) |
Country-level variables | ||||||
Country Income | 1.0e + 03 (< 0.001b) | 5.9e + 03 (< 0.001b) | 4.3e + 03 (< 0.001b) | |||
Low income | 23,316 (88.5) | 3019 (11.5) | 63,009 (67.8) | 29,944 (32.2) | 86,324 (72.4) | 32,963 (27.6) |
Lower Middle income | 30,767 (78.1) | 8629 (21.9) | 28,881 (47.0) | 32,552 (53.0) | 59,648 (59.2) | 41,181 (40.8) |
Upper Middle income | 529 (97.1) | 16 (2.9) | 189 (92.7) | 15 (7.3) | 718 (95.9) | 31 (4.1) |
Region | 1.1e + 03 (< 0.001b) | 1.2e + 04 (< 0.001b) | 1.1e + 04 (< 0.001b) | |||
Central Africa | 2168 (97.6) | 53 (2.4) | 14,612 (89.4) | 1734 (10.6) | 16,780 (90.4) | 1787 (9.6) |
East Africa | 6261 (85.8) | 1037 (14.2) | 12,442 (59.7) | 8389 (40.3) | 18,703 (66.5) | 9426 (33.5) |
Southern Africa | 10,564 (82.4) | 2259 (17.6) | 19,829 (75.1) | 6567 (24.9) | 30,394 (77.5) | 8826 (22.5) |
West Africa | 34,711 (81.8) | 7737 (18.2) | 42,334 (51.0) | 40,597 (49.0) | 77,044 (61.5) | 48,334 (38.6) |
African Island Nation | 908 (61.1) | 578 (38.9) | 2862 (35.4) | 5224 (64.6) | 3770 (39.4) | 5802 (60.6) |